Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport

Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport छ्त्रपती शिवाजी अंतरराष्ट्रीय विमानतळ
IATA: BOM – ICAO: VABB
Summary
Airport type		Public
Owner		GVK, Airports Authority of India
Operator		Mumbai International Airport Limited (MIAL)
Serves		Mumbai
Location		Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Hub for		Air India Blue Dart Aviation Deccan360 GoAir Indian Airlines IndiGo Jet Airways JetLite Kingfisher Airlines SpiceJet
Elevation AMSL		37 ft / 11 m
Website		www.csia.in
Runways
Direction	Length		Surface
	m	ft
14/32	2,925	9,596	Asphalt
09/27	3,445	11,302	Asphalt
Statistics (2008-2009)
Passengers			24,300,000[1]
Cargo handled			530,278 tonnes
Source: DAFIF[2][3] Chhatrapati Shivaji Intl. Location of Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in Mumbai, India

Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport (Marathi: छ्त्रपती शिवाजी अंतरराष्ट्रीय विमानतळ) (IATA: BOM, ICAO: VABB), formerly Sahar International Airport, is the primary airport in Mumbai, India, and is South Asia's busiest airport in term of passenger traffic .^[4][5]

The airport, with its five operating terminals, spreads over an operational area of 1,450 acres (5.9 km²), is India's and South Asia's largest and most important aviation hub, handling more than 25 million passengers and 533,593 tonnes of cargo.^[6] It along with Delhi's Indira Gandhi International Airport, handles more than half of the air traffic in South Asia.^[7][8][9] Formerly called Sahar (international) Airport and Santa Cruz (domestic) Airport, the two airports were merged and renamed after the 17th century Maratha Emperor, Chhatrapati Shivaji Bhosle, to Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport. In February 2006, Mumbai International Airport Limited, a consortium of GVK Industries Ltd., Airports Company South Africa and Bidvest,^[10] was appointed to carry out the modernization of Mumbai Airport.

History

Juhu Aerodrome functioned as the sole airport of Mumbai until after World War II. Due to operational constraints, given its low-level location and proximity to the Arabian Sea coastline especially during the monsoon, it became necessary to move further inland to the suburb of Santa Cruz. A new terminal building was erected by June 1948 and used by Air India to inaugurate its maiden international flight to London.^[11] Initially under the aegis of the Public Works Department, it was subsequently run by the Ministry of Civil Aviation of the Government of India. It was named after the neighbourhood of Santa Cruz where the airfield was located. Santa Cruz Airport remained the name until the new international terminal became operational at nearby Sahar in 1981.^[12] A major fire gutted Santa Cruz terminal in 1979. A temporary departure extension or "Gulf terminal" became functional in October 1979. But even prior to this mishap, plans were already underway during the mid 1970s to construct a new international terminal since Santa Cruz, despite several extensions, had become saturated. Even today, the domestic terminals 1-A and 1-B are commonly referred to as Santa Cruz. Mumbai International Airport Limited (MIAL), a consortium of GVK Industries Limited (GVK) and Airports Company South Africa (ACSA), was appointed to carry out the modernisation of Mumbai Airport in February 2006.^[13]

According to a report submitted by GVK to the Ministry of Civil Aviation, the total land meant for the airport's operations consists of 936 acres of which the actual encroached land is 262 acres against the government estimate of 147 acres; and land under litigation is 34 acres.

BOM ICAO airport code is derived from Bombay, prior to Mumbai.

Statistics

Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport is the busiest airport in the Indian Sub-continent,^[14] in terms of passengers carried per year and second busiest in term of traffic movements.^[15][16] The Mumbai-Delhi route was recently ranked by Official Airline Guide (OAG) as the seventh-busiest domestic route in the world, based on the number of flights per week. This airport, along with Delhi's Indira Gandhi International Airport is the primary international gateway to India and served by approximately 50 international airlines. It is the primary hub for Jet Airways and GoAir and also serves as a secondary hub for a few other airlines, including Air India, Indian Airlines, IndiGo, JetLite, Kingfisher Airlines and SpiceJet. International traffic peaks late in the night, whilst peak domestic traffic is before 10:00. Nevertheless, at least 45% of traffic flows between 10:00 and 18:30 daily.

In July, 2010, Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport was ranked fourth best in the world for having aerobridges, fancy food courts, spas, and salons.^[17] This airport, along with airports in Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore and Kolkata handles more than 50% of the passengers in India. In the eleven months between April 2006 and February 2007, it handled 180,000 landings and take-offs and over 20 million passengers, with a total of 13.56 million domestic air passengers and 6.73 million international passengers. It registered a 21.28% growth in passenger traffic over the previous year 2005–06, when the figure was 17.6 million passengers.^[18] In 2008, for the second year in a row, it was the world's most-delayed airport in terms of arrivals. Only 49.95% of arrivals were on time. About 58% of its late arrivals in 2008 were delayed by 30 minutes or more although the delay in these arrivals however is largely attributed to air congestion at a flight's origin.^[19]

Structure

An artist's impression of Terminal 2

Domestic Departures

New Terminal 1C

Newly renovated International Arrivals at Terminal 2

Domestic Arrivals Terminal 1B

Domestic Arrivals

Upgraded signage

The airport consists of two main terminals: Terminal 1 (Santa Cruz) for domestic flights and Terminal 2 (Sahar) for international flights. These terminals use the same airside facilities but are physically separated on the landside, requiring a 10–15 minute drive between them. The operating agency of the airport (MIAL) operates coach shuttle services between the domestic and international terminals for transit passengers. Terminal 1 is further divided into Terminal 1-A (which opened in April 1992, and serves Air India's subsidiaries Indian Airlines and Air India Regional, as well as Kingfisher Airlines), Terminal 1-B (which opened in 1998, and serves JetLite, SpiceJet, GoAir, IndiGo Airlines and other private domestic low cost carriers) and Terminal 1-C (which opened in April 2010, is meant for Jet Airways). Terminal 2, designed by Aéroports de Paris and opened in January 1981, is now Terminal 2-A. The original complex consisting of parking bays 41–46, namely, gates 3 to 8, the first aerobridges ever installed in the Subcontinent serves most airlines whereas Terminal 2-C, inaugurated in October 1999, is exclusively for Air India, Air-India Express and those carriers whose ground operations are handled by Air India. Terminal 2-B, functioned as an extension wing between September 1986 and October 1999 for Air India and handled airlines, before becoming disused when 2-C opened. Terminal 2-B is now back in use following the closure and demolition of 2-A.

Mumbai has two intersecting runways designated 09/27 and 14/32. Runway 14/32, 2,925 metres (9,596 ft),^[2] runs between terminals 1 and 2, while the main runway 09/27 is 3,445 m (11,302 ft)^[2] (previously designated as 3,489 m (11,447 ft)) intersects it south of the terminal buildings. Instrument landing system (ILS) approaches are available on all runways, with runway 27 having CAT2 capabilities. The ILS on 27 starts at 3,700 ft (1,100 m) and is 10.5 nautical miles (19.4 km) long with a glide slope path of 3.3°. With regard to (truncated) use of both runways, only 11,303 ft (3,445 m) is designated usable at 09/27 and 9,596 ft (2,925 m) at 14/32, especially for landings. Runway 14 approach requires aircraft to backtrack and exit upon landing as the turning pad at 32 end is unusable. Due to maintenance runway 09/27 is unavailable for operations between 0715–0915Z on Mondays and Saturdays, and between 0715–0845Z on Wednesdays. A parallel taxiway has been installed on runway 14/32 for aircraft landing and taxing which saves time as well as runway occupancy.Meanwhile the lengths of both the runways are being extended.

From 1 January 2006, both runways were operated simultaneously for three hours in the morning from 0530 to 0830. On average, about 50 flights of smaller aircraft have taken off daily from 14/32 in this time period. Since the experiment was deemed successful it has recently been decided to carry out simultaneous use in the evenings too. It is not clear if this will be for two hours or three hours. A rate of 25 departures per hour is being targeted in the evening slot. The problems with utilising 14/32 are: (i) Mumbai's controversial new control tower erected in 1996 and some 72 m (236 ft) tall penetrates transitional obstacle limitation surfaces by over 50 m (160 ft) for instrument approaches, and in excess of 40 meters (131 ft) for visuals. Approach minima at both 14 and 32 ends are higher (based on best approach aid) and are as follows: runway 14 (DA 580 ft (180 m)), runway 32 (MDA 1,440 ft (440 m)) compared to runway 09 (DA 270 ft (82 m)) or runway 27 (DA 230 ft (70 m)), meaning that there is a higher probability of missed approaches and diversions in inclement weather (ii) a hillock, Trombay Hill, lies 4.5 nmi (8.3 km) away from the 32 end, an approach also questioned recently by security agencies because the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) nuclear complex at Trombay (Anushakti Nagar) lies within its flight path.

L&T ECCD have been awarded the contract to expand Terminal 1 and to construct a new international terminal. The brand new International Terminal T2 is being designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM). Design Cell, a reputed firm based in Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore and New York has been appointed as Landscape Architects for the cityside open spaces at the departure and arrival level.

Upgrades

Mumbai International Airport Limited (MIAL), a consortium of GVK Industries Ltd. (GVK) and Airports Company South Africa (ACSA), was appointed to carry out the modernisation of Mumbai Airport in February 2006. MIAL improved areas of passenger convenience like curbside, terminal entrances and improved cleanliness. Human resources initiatives were taken such as employee communication and training. Some of the changes that have taken place at CSIA in the recent past include: aesthetic changes, additional check-in counters, refurbished toilets, improved signage, additional food and beverage outlets, better curbside, management leading to a smoother traffic flow. The Airport's expansion plans have been repeatedly thwarted by slums encroaching onto the airport area.^[20]

The graphic design and ambientation of the airport has mainly been created by Argentinan design studio Steinbranding. Landscape improvements were designed by Design Cell, a reputed landscape architecture firm based in Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore and New York

Master plan

In October 2006, MIAL unveiled the master plan^[21] for CSIA, which has been designed to expand and upgrade the infrastructure to cater for 40 million passengers per year and one million metric tonnes of cargo per year by 2010. The separate international and domestic terminals will be merged into one terminal building at the current international building and the current domestic terminal will be converted to a dedicated cargo terminal. MIAL has also incorporated a parallel runway as part of the master plan but there are some obstructions to this part of the which includes land acquisition and rehabilitation of slums as well as relocation of a number of airport facilities. ^[22]

The implementation will be undertaken in two stages:

• The Interim Phase is the implementation of several immediate measures. These were completed in 2008 and includes:
  • Refurbishment and construction at Terminal 2
  • Revamp of Terminal 1A to upgrade and expand facilities such as check-in counters and boarding bridges
  • Setting-up of temporary cargo facilities to add capacity
  • Upgrading of the airside runway facilities such as rapid exit taxiways to increase runway capacity to cater to traffic growth
  • Enhancing city-side facilities such as multi-level car parks

• Phase One (to be completed by 2010) includes:
  • Creation of a brand new terminal building (T2) at Sahar catering to both international and domestic operations
  • Construction of a dedicated link from the Western Express Highway to T2 at Sahar
  • Enhancement of the airside facilities by shifting the air traffic control tower and construction of a parallel taxiway
  • Development of infrastructure on the city-side
  • Building new cargo facilities
  • Construction of Terminal 1C

Key facilities at the revamped CSIA^[23]

New taxiways have been developed to reduce the runway occupancy time by aircraft after landing. MIAL is undertaking the installation of a centralised data system which will provide information about domestic as well as international flights to all display devices at both terminals instead of just one or the other as at present. There are plans to extend the scope of the system to the air traffic control (ATC) and apron control areas, the airport website and even to leading hotel chains. A centralised call centre to provide flight details is also envisaged. While a parallel runway seems to have been atleast for the time being, is been ruled out by the AAI and Civil Aviation Ministry, the ATC tower is now expected to be taken down and relocated to facilitate cross-runway operation.

A Wi-Fi service is available free of charge throughout the airport.^[24]

Project facts

• Cost: U$2 billion
• Airport area: 800 hectares ^[25]
• Completion Year: 2014
• Project Area: 4,843,759 ft
• Building Height: 45 m
• Number of Stories: 4

Parallel runway

A second parallel runway is one of the options being considered to meet objections raised by the Union Ministry of Environment and Forests against the proposed location of the Navi Mumbai International Airport near Kopra Panvel.

Two alternatives have been mooted by MIAL in unveiled the master plan^[21] for CSIA.

The first is a east west runway parallel to the existing runway 09/27 on the southern side. With a length of 12,500 ft, this runway could easily accommodate the new-generation aircraft, and also be sufficently distant (more than 800 feet appart) from each other, but it would necessitate the relocation of Air-India's hangars and maintenance facilities.

The other alternative is to construct the second runway parallel to the current cross runway 14/32 on the northern side, between the international terminal to the north and the Kalina campus university grounds. However, the airport's flight kitchens and the Sahar police station would have to be moved and the area to which they could be relocated is currently occupied by thousands of slum-dwellers.

Terminals, Airlines and Destinations

Terminal 1B Departures

Terminal 1C

Domestic arrivals

International Terminal 2A

Rendering of Terminal 2

Terminals

The airport consists of three terminals:

• Terminal 1, for domestic flights
  • This terminal currently has three distinct buildings: 1A, 1B and 1C. Check-in counters are present only in 1A and 1B. 1C can be reached from both 1A and 1B after the security check.
• Terminal 2, for international flights
  • All international flights, as well as domestic segments of international flights operate from Terminal 2
  • It is currently under redevelopment. Skidmore, Owings and Merrill designed the international terminal.^[26][27]
• Cargo Terminal

Airlines and Destinations

Cargo Airlines

Charter Airlines

Airport services

Fixed base operators (FBO)

There are several fixed base operators at the airport and they include:

Caterers

• Ambassador's Sky Chef
• Chef Air
• Oberoi Flight Services
• Sky Gourmet
• TAJ-SATS

Fuellers

• Bharat Petroleum
• Hindustan Petroleum
• Indian Oil

Ground handlers

• Air Works India
• Cambata Aviation
• Celebi-Nas
• NACIL

Ground transportation

Within the airport

• Free shuttle service between the international and domestic terminals; runs every 30 minutes
• Pre-paid taxi service between the international and domestic terminals

In Mumbai

• Taxis and Auto rickshaws
• Mumbai Suburban Railway
• BEST bus
• Rental cars

Accidents and incidents

1950s

• On 15 July 1953, a BOAC DH.106 Comet landed at the much smaller Juhu Aerodrome instead of Santacruz Airport (now Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport). The aircraft was flown out some nine days later.^[29]
• On 19 July 1959 Rani of Aera a Lockheed L-1049G Super Constellation (registered VT-DIN) carrying 46 people (39 passengers and 7 crew) approached Santacruz Airport in conditions of poor visibility due to rain. The captain was using an altimeter with the barometric pressure set at 29.92". An overshoot was delayed and the aircraft crashed and suffered damage beyond repair. There were no fatalities.

1960s

• On 28 May 1968, the pilot of a Garuda Indonesia Convair 990 mistook the much smaller Juhu Aerodrome for Santacruz Airport and tried to land his aircraft. It overshot the runway falling just short of the traffic road ahead and several residential buildings when its nose wheel got stuck in a ditch at the end of the runway. All passengers survived.

1970s

• On 24 December 1972, Japan Airlines Flight 472, operated by Douglas DC-8-53 landed at Juhu Aerodrome instead of Santacruz Airport. The aircraft overran the end of the runway and was damaged beyond economic repair.^[30]
• On 12 October 1976: a Sud Aviation SE 210 Caravelle had its right engine catch fire shortly after takeoff from Sahar International Airport (now Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport). The crew attempted to return, but fuel flow to the engine was not stopped. When the fire spread through the fuselage and the hydraulic system failed, the aircraft controls failed before landing. All six crew members and their 89 passengers were killed.
• On 1 January 1978 Air India Flight 855 a Boeing 747-237B crashed into the Arabian Sea after takeoff from Sahar International Airport (now Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport), killing all on board (213 persons; 190 passengers, 23 crew).
• On 4 August 1979: a Hawker Siddeley HS 748 aircraft was approaching Sahar International Airport (now Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport) at night and in poor weather when it flew into high terrain approximately 6 mi (9.7 km) from the airport, killing the four crew and their 41 passengers.

2000s

• On 4 September 2009, Air India Flight 829 a Boeing 747-437 flying on the Mumbai-Riyadh route caught fire at Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport. The fire started in number one engine while the aircraft was taxing to Runway 27 for take-off. An emergency evacuation was carried out with no injuries among the 228 people (213 passengers and 15 crew) on board.^[31]
• On 10 November 2009, Kingfisher Airlines Flight 4124, operated by ATR 72-212A VT-KAC skidded off the runway after landing. The aircraft suffered substantial damage but all 46 passengers and crew escaped unharmed.^[32]

Awards and honours

• Fourth Best Airport in the World, by the Airport International Council, for aerobridges, fancy food courts, spas, and salons.^[17]
• Best Airport in India by the Airport International Council, a body of operators who collectively manage over 1,600 airports worldwide.^[6]
• Best Airport in Public-Private Partnership by the Air Passengers Association of India (APAI)^[33]
• Aeronautical Excellence Airport of the Year 2008 from Frost & Sullivan^[34]
• First Airport in India to Implement Self-Service Kiosks and CUTE (Common Use Terminal Equipment) check-in systems.^[35]

References

External links

• Mumbai International Airport Limited (Official website)
• Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport at Airports Authority of India web site
• Accident history for BOM at Aviation Safety Network

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